Evaluation - Question 7

Question 7: Looking back at your preliminary task, what do you feel you have learnt in the progression from it to the full product?

Evaluation - Question 6

Question 6: What have you learnt about technologies from the process of constructing the product?

When filming and editing our film opening, we used different technologies to help us learn about new things and construct our work in new ways.

One of the first pieces of different technology used was that all our editing was done on an iMac- most of the group had only ever used Windows computers before, so as a group we all learnt how to use a Mac computer. I personally had used Mac computers before, but I learnt more with having to use it over time. The Mac was used mainly in order to use the programs on there- iMovie and Final Cut Express; programs that you can't get on a Windows computer.

I found that iMovie was a rather simple program that had a range of useful effects, despite being limited. It was easy to use with a simple timeline with effects such as transitions easily applicable to clips. I particularly found that the sound library accompanied with iMovie was very useful as we were able to use some of the sound clips in our final cut, alongisde royalty free music we found ourselves. I didn't haev any problems getting used to iMovie since I had used an older version before, but I still learnt about some new features I didn't know of before. There were weaknesses to iMovie, however- some simple things that wanted to be done couldn't, unlike with Final Cut Express. iMovie was mostly used for our remake of a film opening but was also used a little in our actual film opening.



The layout for Final Cut Express



Final Cut Express was a program new to all of us, but I did have some previous knowledge that could be applied when using it- I had used Sony Vegas before, which is arguably the Windows equivalent of Final Cut Express. We were given a session beforehand on how to use Final Cut Express which we all found benefitial as it quickly taught us the basics. Editing in Final Cut Express took a while to get used to, but we all learnt how to do simple things such as splice clips and sort out audio fairly quickly. Other things, such as seperating the audio from the video clip, took more time as we had to work it out ourselves.

Final Cut Express was particularly useful for things such as titles- I was able to freely move around text, which I couldn't do in iMovie. There was a wide range of fonts that could be used which helped aid us in making sure the titles fit the generic conventions of comedy. There were also effects that could be applied to titles or clips in general- such as making things glow, distort, 3D effects, etc. We only used one effect that was on the main title of the film to help it stand out from the others, but we found it really enhanced it. 

I personally found that whilst Final Cut Express was a lot more in depth and detailed than iMovie that allowed us to develop our film opening a lot, it was a bit fiddly and difficult to get used to (in comparison to Sony Vegas) which might've slowed us down a bit, but overall the program was effective. If I could re-do the opening with my current knowledge of Final Cut Express I would probably plan beforehand the sorts of effects and things I'd want on clips in order to be more organised.

When filming, we used a tripod and a HD camera called Panasonic HDC-TM900. The tripod was useful for keeping shots steady although I think to improve we could've used it more, as some shots were held by hand and the framing would've been made better with a tripod. We had used a different camera for our pleminary task, which was then changed to the HD camera when we started our film remake. It was easy to use and helped with the way our final clips looked, as we could see on the screen if lighting needed to be adjusted.

On the day of filming we also brought another camera with us- Lauren's camera, a Nikon D3100. This was to help us with the clips for the filming diary as well as give us any back up clips needed. In the final cut we didn't actually use any clips from that camera, but it was handy as a back up in case any other shots were lost or we wanted a different kind of shot.

In order to log our coursework, we used Blogger- a blogging interface that allowed us to easily make seperate posts that were uploaded online. YouTube was also used to upload our videos onto- also simply done and annotations could be used as part of our evaluation. I personally found both of these websites very useful.

Overall, I think that using new and different technologies such as Final Cut Express and a HD camera allowed us to create and develop our film opening effectively, although there were some weaknesses and things we could've done to improve.  

Evaluation - Question 5

Question 5: How did you attract/address your audience?




The answer to this question is seen through annotations in the video above.

Evaluation - Question 4

Question 4: Who would be the audience for your media product?

We originally decided during planning for the certification of our film to be a 12A- we have decided to still stick with this certification after having finished our final cut.

From research we know that a lot of comedy films are often of a 12A certification or above, normally due to factors such as there being violence or swear words. Whilst this is not necessarily seen in our opening, it will be something considered later on, which is why we chose this certification.

Specifically, I think that our film would attract mostly to teenage boys (13-18 years old) who are into comic books and super heroes- this is mainly because of the themes running throughout our film as well as the storyline as a whole. From research we know that action and comedy as well as things like super heroes are stereotypically enjoyed more by males than females.

The demographic group we decided the audience would be for our film opening were groups E and D. I still think this is the case after having completed the final cut, with the emphasis still focused on students. Demographic group E are students and our target audience is of around 13 to 18 years old- group D has also been considered to cover people who may be in part time employment. Nevertheless, this doesn't mean that our film is limited to this audience and may appeal to other people.

With regards to audience theories, I still think that the main theory which applies to our piece is the hypodermic needle theory. This is a common audience theory used with comedy films, as the audience is able to be passive and purely intake the information given without having to put too much thought into what is going on- meaning that the storyline and characters are simple to understand. A passive audience is an audience that only receives the information as a form of entertainment and doesn't do anything else with it, such as relate it to own ideas or question it.

However, the hypodermic needle theory applies more to popular mainstream films than it does to independent films- which is why I think another theory may be revelant. The other theory I think may still apply (but not as much as the hypodermic needle theory) is the uses and gratifications theory. The uses and gratifications theory means that the audience is active- they could find the film relatable to their own lives; use it to escape their own lives as a form of entertainment and learn more about relationships and social interaction. For example, someone watching our film may relate one of the main male characters to themselves due to the stereotypes used, which are common but relatable to teenage culture.

Evaluation - Question 3

Question 3: What kind of media institution might distribute your media product and why?

Evaluation - Question 2

Question 2: How does your media product represent particular social groups?

Evaluation - Question 1

Question 1: In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of real media products?

Final Cut

This is our final cut. Modifications have been made since rough cut 2, such as the main film's title being made as well as minor things such as sound changes.

Rough Cut 2

This is our second rough cut. Changes have been made following audience feedback to help us improve.

Rough Cut 1

This is rough cut one, the first edit of our film.

Consideration of Sound

For the sound used in our film opening, we have planned for there to be non-diegetic music that turns to diegetic once the farmer playing guitar is shown. This means that the music would have to incorporate an acoustic guitar and fit to our genre of rural comedy. The video above shows some music we have considered having in our film opening.

Song #1
Whilst this music does involve an acoustic guitar, the tempo and feel of the piece does not quite fit the tone we want for our opening. Preferably the music would have to be more up-beat and start out with a fade in order to be suitable.

Song #2
This song also incorporates an acoustic guitar and starts out with slow strums- however, the song continues at this slow tempo which does not suit the tone we would like. Towards the end of the twenty second clip in which the music is heard a beat starts- this is also a disadvantage for this song as it would be better off if the song included only an acoustic guitar.

Song #3
Out of the three songs considered, this is perhaps the most suitable. On the other hand, it is as not as upbeat as would be liked and does not quite have an 'urban' feel that is most suited to our film opening. Whilst the strumming is good, it would be better if it could start out slow and then speed up.

Overall, none of these songs seem suitable enough for the final chosen one for our film opening, but by considering these ones (and others) we have been able to consider in more detail what kind of music we would like.

Institutional Name and Logo

An institutional title logo is shown at the start of every movie, which brands what they produce- normally more than one is shown as institutions collaborate on a film.

History of The Logo

In the early days, institutional logos were very simple- a still image. As studios grew they added things to out-do other institutions.

In 1921 MGM (Metro Goldwyn Mayer) introduced 'Leo the Lion' into their logo, and Universal had a globe.
The video below shows how MGM's logo changed over time, from 1921 to 2008.



In the 1930s, 20th Century Pictures has a 'tower' logo and then merged with Fox to then become 20th Century Fox, as we know them today. Columbia Pictures, on the other hand, first started out with a woman with a sparkler, as seen in the video below:



By 1976 most production companies, except Universal, had changed to cel animation as a particular standard had become expected of institutional logos. In 1984 Warner Bros. switched back to a non moving still- a matte painting- in order to remain 'classic.'
In 1990 Universal had created a remastered digital logo.
As of 2007 nearly every institutional logo has been done on a computer and have reached a level of sophistication expected of htem.

My Logo Design

When designing my logo design that may be considered for the final logo for my group Gemini, I thought about what the term 'gemini' can represent. The idea that came from this was constellations and stars, which is why I thought the logo should be animated to show stars appearing in a random sequence to then form the word 'Gemini.' To me, this idea seemed simplistic but effective and fits with the conventions of the institution being independent as it is not too extravagant or detailed.

I think that alongside this logo, simple sound could be used, such as slow music that fades in as the logo appears.
I made this logo (and the gif) using Adobe Photoshop CS3, with various layers and frames. I chose to make the initial idea digitally as I found it easier to do so than if I were to it draw on paper.

Here is my attempt at making the logo through a gif animation:

My choice of logo is effected by the type of film we are going to create because our film will be independent. The logo I have created is not too extravagent but is kept simple and effective, without appearing to be high budget and mainstream, (in comparison, for example, to Universal Studio's logo which uses CGI graphics) and to actually appear like an independent institutional logo. However, this logo does not necessarily represent the comedy genre of our film opening but is still made clear as an institutional logo.

Research Presentation- Comedy Genre

Comedy Genre

Audience Expectations - Action Genre

As part of research into genre and expectations of genre, I interviewed various people on their opinions of the action genre, using the following questions:

1. What do you expect to see in the first 2 minutes of the film?
2. What sort of main characters would there be? (Male? Female? Age?)
3. What kind of event do you expect to occur/begin within the film?

I noted down what they said after asking each question.

Here are the results:
16 year old:

• In the first two minutes I expect an introduction to the movie, setting the scene
• I think the main character is most likely to be a middle aged man
• There would be build up to an action sequence such as a car chase

43 year old:

• Titles, introducing characters
• Male, around 25
• A fight that results in someone dying, explosions, etc

17 year old:

• There should be titles and introduction of characters
• A young female character, in her 20s, and a male who is a little older
• There would be build up to a gun fight

14 year old:

• The scene would be set, introduces one or two main characters
• Two middle aged males
• An intense fight that would involve explosions

19 year old:

• Introduction of character and setting, probably an urban area such as a big city
• Main characters would mostly be middle-aged men, with a few female characters
• A dramatic fight scene betweens rivals- the 'bad guys' and the 'good guys'

 32 year old:

• Shots of the setting- a city
• Female and male characters, middle aged, probably rich or powerful
• A fight, conflict

From these results it can be clearly seen that most people believe that the main characters in action films are male and in positions of power. The setting for the beginning of an action film is most commonly seen as being somewhere urban, such as a large city, and that the first two minutes should highlight this. These results also show that most people believe that action movies are usually based around conflict- normally peaking with a fight that involves lots of action, such as a car chase, gun fight or explosion.

Film Opening Remake

The film opening we chose to remake was The Shining. (1980) We chose this film opening out of a selection of films and ultimately chose The Shining as we thought it would be more of a challenge to try and remake in comparison to a film opening such as Juno.

By doing this film opening we learnt more about time management and organisation- before we shot the film we had to create a storyboard and shotlist. This helped us be more prepared in what we were going to film and allowed us to discuss ideas and possibilities as a group before filming. Creating a film opening also helped us to think about location, especially as we were only allowed to film on the school site. This will help us when creating our actual film opening as location is important in making shots suitable. Something I personally got out of creating a film opening is more knowledge in film editing, using iMovie, as at times the shots we had to work with weren't long enough or of best quality and so editing was used to tweak them. This taught us that we should attempt to re-film shots more than two or three times in order to have the best to choose from when it comes to editing. 

Genre Certification

Various films of the comedy genre appear to use different certifications dependent on the type of comedy the film includes.

Films such as Shrek 2 (2004), Toy Story 3 (2010) and Finding Nemo (2003) have a Universal certificate. These films generally appeal moreso to families or children due to this certificate, and are often animated movies that appeal to mass audiences.

Finding Nemo (2003) Opening


On the other hand, films such as Forrest Gump (1994), Bruce Almighty (2003) and The Hangover (2009) have certificates such as 12, 12A and 15. This is perhaps due to the fact these movies involve different humor to that of family-friendly animation movies- there may be more adult themes mentioned, more violence and particular language used.

Forrest Gump (1994) Opening


From this information, the target audience and certificate will have to be considered carefully in regards to the type of humor used within the comedy aspect of our film opening.

Jelly Babies Activity

The jelly babies activity involved creating a storyboard for a 2 minute long film opening based on a list of film briefs we were given to choose from. The jelly babies were used to help with the positioning of characters on the storyboard in order to think about framing and composition in regards to shots. The purpose of this activity was to get us thinking about the typical conventions for the genres given and to form a narrative that would only cover the first two minutes of a film rather than tell the whole storyline.

The film brief we chose to create a storyboard for was the genre of sci-fi, in which aliens invade the Earth. Within our storyboard the pace is slow and introduces the main protagonist as this is often the case with the beginnings of many films as to focus the audience's attention on one character. Various shots are used throughout the storyboard, such as close-ups to focus on the radio, an establishing shot of the surroundings to show how isolated and alone the character is and mid-shots of the character driving in order to clearly show expressions and actions.

The narrative shown within the storyboard reveals a male character (shown with the jelly baby on the various post-it notes) driving their car in the middle of an area that is perhaps far off from civilisation and alone. He then proceeds to turn the radio on, in which diegetic sound would be used to show a radio presenter saying, "Welcome to Projection Radio!"- this then links to the title of the film, which is shown through the character's eyes as he looks out onto the road. Establishing shots are then used to focus on the surroundings, showing an unidentifiable object in the sky amongst the stars that peaks the audience's curiosity and prompts them to carry on watching. Diegetic sound from the radio then says "It's a clear night tonight." to which the main character looks up at the sky, eyes looking at the object in the sky for the camera to then show, through various close ups, as to what the object is. From here an extreme closeup is used on the object in the sky- a UFO- and the audience can see lots of aliens inside through a window.

Various things within the storyboard comply to the generic conventions of sci-fi- particularly with how the main protagonist seems to be aware of the UFO, despite it being far away in the sky. It could be argued that the radio represents the ignorant public, who believe that nothing wrong is about to happen. Since we only created the storyboard to cover the opening, this is the only main generic convention used but more would be revealed later in the film- we did not want a lot to happen in the opening but for there to still be enough that would be interesting for the viewer.


Overall, from the jelly baby activity I learnt more about the positioning of characters and how much actually happens within the first two minutes of an opening scene- that not much narrative is revealed but there are still conventions which link to the genre. It also made me think more about the positioning and timing of titles and how they can be integrated within a film opening in different ways depending on the genre.

Consideration of Genre

Genre is a term used to categorise a film or piece of media. There are many various genres, such as action, adventure, comedy, crime, romance, sci-fi, horror and many others. Within this there can be hybrid genres- a genre of film in which more than one genre is included.
Different types of genre appeal to different audiences at different levels- for example, a horror film including gore would be targeted more to older teenagers and above, depending on the certificate of the film. An action film involving superheroes would appeal more to comic book fans, teenagers and males.

Within genre there are conventions which help to differentiate it from different genres. A sign is something you see in its raw, physical form and the signifier is what the sign means and symbolises within its context. An example would be a knife in a horror movie; the sign is the knife and it would signify things such as danger, death and murder- all things associated with horror movies. Alongside this is the denotative level, which is what you see and the connotative level is the thing's connotations.

A clear example of a film scene which uses signifiers and signs is Psycho from 1960, as seen below. This is the example used earlier- involving a knife which has connotations of death, violence and danger.




However, conventions and signifiers can often be specific to the genre of a film. As Psycho is a horror movie, it is part of its generic conventions to involve things that have connotations of death and violence. This is not something expected of a film genre such as a romantic comedy, which may have signifiers such as flowers and letters which would perhaps connote romance and love.

It is for this reason that our group will have to make sure to consider the conventions and signifiers in relation to the genre of our film opening. It is also important to do this because it will be what gives first impression of the film and the representation of its genre to the audience.

More on Student Film Openings

Based on the research and analysis of student films in a previous post, I have conducted a list of what I personally thinks works well and doesn't work well in a film opening.

What works well:

• Using non-diegetic music or sound to help set the scene, such as in a horror piece.
• Keeping the storyline simple and well paced- not having too much happening at once to avoid making it look like a short piece.
• Using a variation of shots and angles to help keep a pace and offer different perspectives on a scene or characters.
• Having titles in the correct order and integrating them into the piece in a way that doesn't distract the audience's focus.
• Editing and cuts that flow with the piece, such as with a match on action that doesn't look choppy, in order to give the film a more professional, well-finished look.
• Using generic conventions through props, costume or other mise-en-scene factors to indicate the genre to the audience. With some genres this can be easier to do than with others, but overall mise-en-scene helps to set an atmosphere straight away without any necessary use of plot development or dialogue.

What doesn't work well:

• The film's main title being at the end. This can make the film opening look like a trailer or sometimes almost make it seem as if the piece is finished.
• Having the storyline be predictable- this can mean that the audience won't want to see the rest as they already know what is going to happen.
• Having a key event of the film start within the first two minutes, such as a character dying. This means that there is no chance for the audience to connect to characters or see them develop in their setting- being launched straight into an intense scene within the first two minutes can put the audience off.
• Having unsteady shots with a pan or tilt. This can easily be corrected with the use of a tripod or dolly and avoids giving a hand-held camera feel (if undesired).

Student Film Openings Analysis

The Lurker
(Ilkley Grammar School)




The genre for this film opening is made clear from the start by using connotations and signifiers linked with the horror genre. Examples of this are shots of a girl walking around on her own (which has connotations of being vulnerable, susceptible to danger) and the creepy non-diegetic sound used. Mise-en-scene is used well with the use of location (woods- this adds to the isolated feel) and props. (such as the knife) Arguably the lighting could have been made darker in order to make it creepier but may have not been easily achieved or fit well in with the rest of the film, as the main character is in school uniform. This overall sets the theme and atmosphere for the rest of the theme well and the unnerving atmosphere makes the audience question what is to happen, prompting them to keep watching. A variation of shots are used such as pans, midshots and tracking shots which help to give the impression that the protagonist is being followed.

However, there are negative aspects of the opening. Titles are not used anywhere within the film opening and the film's main title is not shown. The narrative for the film, that despite being simplistic, is rather predictable, as the film opening ends with the antagonist getting closer to the naive protagonist with a knife. This predictability can mean that the opening loses its appeal for the audience watching, as the film's storyline is stereotypical for its genre and most of what is to happen is revealed within the first two minutes.

Overall, certain aspects of this film opening are good, such as the non-diegetic music used, various shots and the use of mise-en-scene, but the lack of titling and the simplistic, predictable storyline have the possibility of making the opening plain and boring for viewers rather than being effective and interesting.


Wrenched
(Ilkley Grammar School)



This film opening, of thriller/horror genre, has a good use of titling with production logos shown at the start. The title do not obtrude or distract from the main content of the film, which allows the audience to pay attention to whatever they choose. The use of non-diegetic sound throughout the film opening is good as both non-diegetic music is used to set the atmosphere and feel and the diegetic sound- such as the kettle boiling and dialogue- helps to add to this. Multiple camera angles are used such as midshots, over the shoulder shots and close ups which gives variation and keeps the viewer interested. Editing is effective in this piece, particularly to show the difference between the male character's actions and the female character's actions. The narrative is not necessarily obvious- keeping the audience watching- or stereotypical to the film's genre.

On the other hand, there are aspects of the film opening which are not so good- such as the film's title being shown at the end. It could also be said that there is perhaps too much happening within the first two minutes, or that it could be paced slower to make it seem more like a film opening as opposed to a short film. 

In conclusion, this student film opening has a lot of good aspects with in regards to things such as the use of diegetic and non-diegetic sound, camera angles and narrative- however the pacing may be a bit too fast paced and the main film title being shown at the end of the piece.

Retribution
(Sidney Stringer Academy)



This film opening is also of the thriller/horror genre, shown from conventions and aspects within the piece such as the girl being tied up, the blood and the non-diegetic music used. This piece uses titles, unlike the first student film opening I analysed, which clearly shows the production company as well as the cast. The use of non-diegetic music beats in time with the titles shown to give more of an impact and the music adds to the unsettling atmosphere. The use of editing is good with the clear differentiation between past and present with the use of cutaways and changing to black and white. This use of flashbacks helps to build up to the moment and gives some background information on the main character introduced. There is a variation in camera shots such as pans and tilts to make the audience carry on watching and keep them interested.

However, negative points about the film opening are things such as the main film title being shown at the end. This is something that is usually shown for film trailers, not film openings, and almost makes it seem as if the sequence has ended. The narrative shown is quite clear and almost predictable as the film starts out in the middle of quite an intense event, which may make the rest of the film's plotline predictable for the audience. This may mean that the attention of the audience wavers, as the first two minutes are rather stereotypical and unoriginal for a horror/thriller film. 

Overall, this film opening uses good generic conventions which make the film's genre clear to the audience, the use of non-diegetic music helps to set atmosphere, theme and mood and the use of flashbacks helps to add some background to the plot. However, the plot shown within the first minute and a half seems rather simplistic and unoriginal for the film's genre which may lessen the interest from the audience as what is to happen is too obvious.

Certification

Film certification is done to be protective of audiences and consider a broader public opinion. There are legal obligations involved in film classification, which restricts access to material on the grounds of age. Censorship is different to film certification, in which material is cut or prevented access to.

The BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) is a self regulatory body that certifies British film- local councils are in charge of cinemas and have to comply to the BBFC's rules. The Videos Recording Act from 1984 meant that the BBFC classifies home video. They have to note down any dangerous or criminal activities on videos or DVD and are very aware of laws regarding children and animals.
Films are certified based on factors such as level of discrimination, drugs, horror, imitable behavior, language, nudity, sex, theme and violence. There are 5 film classifications: U, (universal - suitable for all) PG, (parental guidance) 12/12A, (suitable for 12 years and older) 15, (suitable for 15 years and older) and 18. (suitable for only adults)



Research of film certificates will help us in the consideration of certificate for our film- for example, we may choose 12/12A as our film certificate due to possible action or violence that may be included, as well as the possibility of mild swear words being used. This also links in with the genre of our film, comedy, as there may be conventions of comedy used that do not necessarily fit in below a 12/12A rating.

Opening Titles Research

This blog post contains the timing of opening titles used for various films, in order to see the order in how casting is listed as well as other factors such as when the main title is introduced. This research will be used to help develop our film opening later on.

Black text- Titles
Orange text- Action
Blue text- Music/sound

Forrest Gump



Title 1- 0:00 Paramount Pictures Logo
0:10 Feather in sky
T2- 0:13 Paramount Pictures presents
T3- 0:17 A Steve Tisch/Wendy Finerman Production
0:17 Church spire
0:20 Music starts
T4- 0:21 A Robert Zemeckis Film
T5- 0:27 Tom Hanks in
MAIN TITLE 0:32 Forrest Gump
T6- 0:37 Robin Wright
T7- 0:42 Gary Sinise
T8- 0:47 Mykelti Williamson
T9- 0:52 and Sally Field
T10- 0:57 Casting by Ellen Lewis
T11- 1:03 Co-producer Charles Newirth
T12- 1:07 Executive music producer Joel Sill
T13- 1:11 Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston
T14- 1:17 Costumes designed by Joanna Johnston
T15- 1:22 Music by Alan Silvestri
T16- 1:27 Edited by Arthur Schmidt
T17- 1:32 Production designer Rick Carter
T18- 1:38 Director photography Dan Burgess
T19- 1:42 Based on the novel by Winston Groom
T20- 1:46 Screenplay by Eric Roth
T21- 1:51 Produced by Wendy Finerman, Steve Tisch, Steve Starky
1:57 Feather lands below main character
2:37 Music ends

Juno



0:00 Juno drinks from carton
0:02 Music starts
0:05 Juno starts walking
0:13 Animation starts
Title 1- 0:15 Fox Searchlight Pictures presents
T2- 0:19 A Mandate Pictures Mr. Mudd Production
T3- 0:27 A Jason Reitman Film
MAIN TITLE 0:28 JunoT4- 0:38 Ellen Page
T5- 0:42 Michael Cera
T6- 0:49 Jennifer Garner
T7- 0:56 Jason Bateman
T8- 1:00 Allison Janney
T9- 1:05 JK Simmons
T10- 1:11 Olivia Thirlby
T11- 1:17 Casting by Mindy Marin and Kara Lipson
T12- 1:20 Costume designer Monique Prudhomme
T13- 1:27 Music by Mateo Meessina
T14- 1:27 Songs by Kimya Dawson
T15- 1:32 Music supervisors Peter Afterman and Margaret Yen
T16- 1:37 Co-producers Jin Miller, Kelli Konop, Brad van Arragon
T17- 1:42 Film editor Dana T Glauberman
T18- 1:48 Production director Steve Saklad
T19- 1:53 Director of photography Eric Steelberg
T20- 1:157 Executive producers Joe Drake, Nathan Kahane, Daniel Dubiecki
T21- 2:04 Produced by Liame Halfon, John Malkovich, Mason Novick, Russell Smith
T22- :09 Written by Diablo Cody
T23- 2:17 Directed by Jason Reitman
2:25 Music Ends
2:25 Movie fades back in

Lemony Snickett's: A Series of Unfortunate Events

This film opening is slightly different to the others, particularly as the opening shown is more of a fake film opening within the film- titles are used but none of which that list cast members or actors and only the production companies. The film's actual title is never shown but credits at the end of the film list all of the film's cast.

Title 1- 0:10 Dreamworks Logo
T2- 0:36 Paramount logo
0:38 Music starts
T3- 0:49 Nickelodeon Movies logo
1:00 Animation starts
T4- 1:00 Dreamwork Pictures
T5- 1:12 and Paramount Pictures
T6- 1:18 Present
1:26- The Littlest Elf (Fake main title)
1:47- Animation freezes, actual film starts
1:47- Music stops, narration starts

Film Titles

Opening Sequences:

• Give first impression of film
• Outline filmmaker's intentions
• Set up audience expectations
• Draw the viewer in

Opening titles:

• List most important members of production
• Establish scene/setting
• Identify major actors and crew (Closing credits list an extensive cast)

The ordering of titles in opening sequences is very important as it determines the actors and crew status. The film title is shown at the end of the opening sequence and is usually placed after the main actor's names have been shown.

Film titles in the 1920s- Titles superimposed on a blank screen
Simple titling, used different titling, usually had an authentic old-fashioned feel.

1930s-1955- Titles accompanied by still images
Still images were usually hand drawn cards, such as borders to be visually appealing. Title credits then got longer and the musical score was very important.

1955-Present- Titles accompanied by a series of moving images
Panning of camera was oftend used, with simple backgrounds such as clouds. The meaning of the images was usually ambiguous until later in the film, such as the clouds in the background of the Wizard of Oz.

Late 1990s- Animation and motion graphics
Animated text, animations, etc.

Now- Anything goes!

Film Openings Analysis

Spider-man 2 (2004)



The genre of Spider-Man 2 is action-fantasy and fits to the genre's conventions within the opening sequence. The target audience for this film could be argued as being for male teenagers as well as people who are fans of Marvel comics and Spiderman, as the film is based on the comic.

The narrative of the film is not clearly revealed as images and graphics used within the opening focus on the previous film, as this movie is in a sequence of films. The imagery used shows the main characters- such as Peter Parker, Mary-Jane and Spider-man- to familiarise the faces of the characters with the audience. The images used show the action that occurred in the previous film, helping the audience to remember what happened so they are understanding of the position characters are in in the current film. The images are illustrations, linking back to the origins of the movie- a comic book- which appeals to the target audience of comic book fans. The illustrations also impose questions about things not addressed in the previous film in order to make the audience interested for what is to come.

The shots used are relevant to the film's genre as they depict both action scenes and fantasy that fit into the narrative, also with colours such as red and black that relate to the iconic image of Spiderman's costume. Fast cuts are used as more characters are introduced into the frame, shown with almost transition-like graphics- black lines that form webs- as they are revealed. The use of sound and editing helps to build an intense, fast-paced atmosphere which makes the audience know that a lot will happen in the film and that it will be action-filled.

The sound used within the opening is non-diegetic music that is dramatic and intense, with a fast pace that builds up in time with the movement and action of the piece. This fits the conventions of the action-fantasy genre due to the build up and anticipation which is created. The text and titles shown in the opening straight away inform the audience of the film's producers and main contributors- Columbia Pictures Corporation and Marvel Enterprises- with their iconic and familiar logos. This gives the audience and impression of how the film will be based on their own knowledge of previous films produced by these companies. Fifty seconds in the title of the film is introduced in large, shining text across a spider web- this relates to the main topic of the film: a superhero.  Other text, which lists the actors involved in the film, are shown in correlation with the illustrations of the characters they play. This helps the audience to know instantly who will be playing who and so that they are aware of people included.

Overall, the opening helps to clearly show the genre of the film by fitting to the conventions of its genre of action-fantasy. The narrative is not completely revealed but it does give a background to the story by showing the narrative of the previous film through illustrations and photos, appealing to the audience and making them anticipate and question what might happen next. The opening gives an indication of the film's style, atmosphere and tone, setting up the audience for what is to come as well as allowing them to have first impressions.

The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo (2011)



The genre for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a hybrid of crime, drama and mystery, which is not necessarily highlighted in this opening but is more shown through undertones such as atmosphere that will be later explained. As the movie has a certificate of 18 the target audience is of above this age, their audience is limited but also allows for different sorts of content in the movie.

The limited use of colour within the opening helps to instantly set the atmosphere, themes and feelings that will reoccur throughout the movie, with black and white tones as well some fiery colours which may have some importance or significance later in the movie. These colours also give a mysterious tone which makes the audience become intrigued and question certain things shown, as well as fit to the conventions of the movie's genre. Certain imagery is used, such as with the close ups on the keyboard- this is relevant to film's narrative as one of the character is a computer hacker. Aside from this, little of the narrative is revealed as I believe that this opening is more to set the tones and atmosphere for the movie and keep the watcher interested rather than begin or reveal the narrative.

With regards to editing and camera angles, lots of fast cuts are used to go in pace with the fast, loud music as well as build tension and intensity. Lots of close ups and pans are used to focus on the movement of the black liquid, also focusing on detail and keeping the viewers interested. The fast paced music increases in volume as the opening continues, perhaps reflecting the chaos of how the movie will be and how a lot will happen, fitting in with the drama part of the film's genre. The text used in the opening is quite discrete and hidden, with small white text used in ways that don't obscure the image, as the viewer's attention is primarily focused elsewhere- however, the main title sequence is shown twenty one seconds in and is quite large and stylised to suit the rest of the opening. The opening then fades out to black in order to show that it is the end of the sequence and that the narrative in the film will begin.

In conclusion, this opening, that although does not reveal the narrative or necessarily comply to conventions of the film's genre, is used as a way of grasping the audience's attention to make them interested and intrigued as to what will happen in the film. This is a good way of appealing to the audience and the symbolic sequence has a music video feel to it whilst still clearly being a part of the film, with the film title, various other text and imagery used that has significance or importance later in the film. This movie opening is very visually appealing to the viewer despite the limited colour scheme, with a lot going on in the piece, accompanied by music.

The Fall (2006)



The genre for this film is adventure-drama-fantasy and has an age certificate of 15. This suggests that the target audience is late teenagers and up, with no specific gender target due to the surrealist style of the film that could appeal to either gender.

The opening starts out with text over a black background, introducing the main producers before a fade is used into a close-up shot. This close-up shot pays particular attention to detail as the swimmer emerges out of the water, and the audience is instantly aware that the shots are being shown in slow motion. This sets a particular artistic atmosphere to the opening, which leaves the viewer asking questions, making them interested in watching. Twenty seconds in the title of the film is revealed and made clear to the audience. The various other text used that lists actors and other members of cast do not obscure in a way that they take up the whole frame, and are normally discrete and to the side so that the audience can focus more on what is happening and refer to cast members if needed.

The sound used throughout the piece- which fades in slightly after the first shot is shown, emphasising the lack of sound as the man emerges from the water- is non-diegetic, classical string music. This adds an almost comedic, story-telling feel to the piece, as it is something of a juxtaposition to the urgency and action of what is being shown. The shots shown are all in black and white; a limited pallet of colours which gives the film a photographic, dated atmosphere which sets the scene as what is shown is set in the past. This, combined with the slow motion shots, gives a sense of confusion and leads the viewer to question from the start what is going on- thus prompting them to keep watching.

The narrative of the opening, despite being shown through slow motion shots, reveals quite a lot of what is happening whilst also without fully explaining why. This can lead to some confusion for the viewer, but it is not in a way that trying to understand becomes frustrating- rather, it is more comical and surreal to watch and therefore makes the audience interested. The narrative depicts a lot of action (fitting to the conventions of its genre) as well as chaos. Various characters are shown as well as the rural setting around them, but not much information is revealed about these characters aside from their appearances- nor is it made totally clear who the main characters may be.

In conclusion, this opening fits to the film's genre in a comedic, surreal and artistic way which can both baffle and intrigue the viewer. The narrative is not made totally clear and various characters are introduced amongst all the action going on, all of which is set to non-diegetic music which adds to the comedic aspect of the opening scene.

Wall-E (2008)



The film Wall-E is an animation-adventure-family film, which is not necessarily immediately shown through this opening, but does fit various conventions of its genre within the first minute and a half. The film has a 'U'  (Universal) certificate, meaning that it is suitable for all audiences- this helps fit into the genre that it is a family film.

The sequence starts out with the Pixar logo being shown- a familiar animation that is iconic and helps the audience get an impression of the film before it starts, particularly as Pixar have a reputation for making good animation-adventure-family films; a genre they are familiar with. After this section is shown, two other titles are shown- the producers of the film. These also set expectations for the audience and helps build anticipation and excitement.

Colours used throughout the opening sequence are quite dark-toned and not very bright, which can give a slightly gloomy atmosphere which is a juxtaposition against the happy  music. The colours of the planet- which the audience later learns to know as Earth-give a gritty feel as the planet looks abandoned and uncared for, and this is a significant part in the plot of the film which is explained later on. This links in with the narrative as the sequence starts out by revealing space, then slowly panning into the planet- little of the narrative is revealed with this opening, but more so sets the tone and atmosphere for the whole movie. Within the narrative no characters are revealed in the first one minute and a half, but later on a main protagonist is shown.

The sound used is non-diegetic for the mostpart (then revealed to be diegetic after the opening) with jolly, happy music which is a juxtaposition to the setting of the planet shown and may also be quite confusing for the audience, as music involving singing is not perhaps expected to be played over shots of the universe. However, this is used to intrigue the viewer and make them question what is to happen as well as explain why such music is played, making them interested in carrying on watching.

Most of the shots used within the opening are wide, long and establishing shots which clearly set the scene that is perhaps other-wordly or set in the future- this gives a science fiction vibe, but does also pertain to the adventure genre as shots such as panning bird's eye view shots reveal a desecrate planet that is later known as Earth. These shots also interest and make the viewer question various factors of the plot, prompting them to keep watching in order to find out what happens.

In conclusion, this opening sequence, although short, does pertain to its genre of animation-adventure-family film. Little of the narrative is revealed and the opening minutes are used more so to set the scene with a variation of zooms, pans and establishing shots to show clearly to the audience that the planet is rather isolated and empty in the expanse of the universe. The juxtaposition of joyful non-diegetic music (that later turns diegetic) against the gritty, dirty colours of the planet is used to make the viewer become interested and intrigued in what is going on in order to sustain their attention.

Trailers and Openings

Film trailers and openings have factors which differentiate them. For our coursework we have to create a 2 minute film opening and must be able to understand what makes a film opening a film opening.

Film Trailers

Film trailers give information on a film in order to entice its audience to go and watch it at the cinema. This can involve giving away a lot of the narrative through various clips that show particular highlights of the film. These often clearly depict the genre of the film with different conventions in order to appeal to the audience. Film trailers include titles but most of the time they only show key actors, producers and directors, with the institution logos shown at the start to give the audience a first impression. The title of the film is often shown at the very end of the trailer alongside a tag line and release date.



The Hunger Games Trailer (2012)

Within this film trailer, lots of fast cuts are used showing various clips in a non-consecutive manner to show highlights from the movie and capture the audience's attention. Narration and audio overlays are used to give information on the movie's plot line without giving away too much. Main characters are shown as well as important events also to appeal to the audience and at the very end the movie's title is shown alongside a release date with other details.

Film Opening

Film openings, on the other hand, are quite different.Generally they are a lot slower paced than trailers as film openings give an introduction of place, historical period, mood and tone as well as introduce characters. Film openings can often include indications of genre and theme, which helps to set up the theme and gives the audience expectations for the rest of the film. The opening of a film may also include particular mise-en-scene or aspects which are significant in the plot line or later on in the film. Film openings also use titles which give details of the cast, crew and institutions in a particular order, but doesn't list everyone as the full titles go in the credits at the end of the film.



Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977)

This film opening, in comparison to the film trailer, is a lot slower paced. There is an obvious indication of place and historical period from the start through the use of shots and text. It clearly sets the scene and shows its genre through conventions such as the spaceship and laser gun sounds. Only a few main characters are introduced and the plot is not made entirely clear as the film starts partway through an event- this makes the viewer question what is happening and makes them carry on watching.



As an overall brief differentiation between openings and trailers, film openings are designed to set the start of the movie, intrigue the viewer and make them question what is to happen, whereas film trailers appeal to audiences to get them to watch the movie as well as be aware of certain aspects of the narrative and the actors involved.